What other problems, apart from accent, can a receiver experience when attempting to listen to a sender?

This sounds like a question about effective speech communication.  The terms "sender" and "receiver" are common in public speaking courses.  All kinds of things can get in the way of a person receiving the speaker's intended message.  These "things" interfere with the communication process and are commonly referred to as "barriers to effective communication."  
You are correct that a speaker's accent could be a barrier for the listener.  Another barrier for the listener might be the speaker's use of jargon.  Jargon is special words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group and are difficult for others to understand.  For example, people that are not educators are often mystified when I use the term "pedagogy."  
Another obstacle for a listener might be something as simple as another person trying to talk to the listener.  It's very difficult for a receiver to effectively listen to two speakers at the same time.  
One of my favorite barriers to effective listening sounds ridiculous at first.  "What does the speaker look like?"  A listener might not be paying much attention to what the speaker is actually saying if the listener is spending more brain power processing a particularly distinctive appearance.
A receiver might not be listening to the sender that well if the listener has something else on his/her mind.  It could be something as simple as needing a bathroom break, or it could be something as serious as marital/relationship problems.  
Another problem could be that the listener is biased in some way against the speaker.  It could be race related, political affiliation, gender bias, and/or a preconceived notion about a topic.  
There's also the possibility that the listener feels that the speaker is ignoring the receiver's side of the room.  If the speaker isn't effectively engaging the audience through non-verbal communication, a receiver has the tendency to begin tuning out the speaker.  
https://www.skillsyouneed.com/ips/barriers-communication.html

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